VOLUME 11 forced to fulfil contracts if that leads to inhumane distress, endangers one's life or health, or violates human dignity., 71 All in all, states must guarantee at the least the reasonable minimum core of economic and social rights. V. EXTRATERRITORIAL OBLIGATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE AND COOPERATION OF DEVELOPED STATES A. Legal Nature and Scope of Obligations of International Assistance and Cooperation of Developed States Territorial states have an obligation to ensure the protection of one's enjoyment of human rights via the tripartite obligations to respect, protect and fulfil human rights. This section advances the argument that the home states have the obligation to respect, protect and fulfil human rights not only inside but also outside its national context. The previous section illustrated that territorial states have an obligation to uphold at least the reasonable minimum core of economic and social rights. However, the question that arises is whether developed (European) states have extraterritorial obligations to uphold the reasonable minimum core in Eastern and Southern European states? It has been much debated whether obligations of international assistance and cooperation are legal 72 or not. Alston and Quinn do not find the obligation "legally binding., However, they add in the same paragraph that "in the context of a given right it may, according to the circumstances, be possible to identify obligations to cooperate internationally that would appear to be mandatory on the basis of the undertaking contained in Article 2(1) of 73 Covenant. the If obligations of international assistance and cooperation are legally binding, are they equal for all states? Most commentators argue that they are not. Sepuvelda argues that the obligations are "different., 74 Another question would be: which developed or industrialized states would be duty-bearers of such obligations? Vandenhole and Benedek argue, "the primafacieduty-bearers under the extraterritorial obligation to fulfill can be understood to be primarily those belonging to the donor community. '75 This includes "at least all member States of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). ' 76 71 Kunibert Raffer, Solving Sovereign Debt Overhang by Internationalizing Chapter 9 Procedures,University of Klagenfurt (2002) http://www.jahrbuch2002.studien-vonzeitfragen.net/Weltfinanz/RAFFER1/raffer-l2.HTM (last visited March 20, 2013). 72Philip Alston & Gerard Quinn, The Nature and Scope of States Parties' Obligations under the InternationalCovenanton Economic, Social and CulturalRights, 9 HuM. RTS. Q., 191 (1987). 73ld. 74Sepulveda, supranote 28, at 370. 75GLOBAL JUSTICE, STATE DUTIES. THE EXTRA-TERRITORIAL SCOPE OF ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW, 345, (Malcolm Langford etal. eds.,Cambridge Univ. Press,7 2013). 6 id.