A/HRC/11/9 page 20 that the imposition of conditions as a part of CTPs may have negative influence on the school environment, as it provides teachers with additional means to exert authority over students and parents, that are not dependent on the quality of the instruction they provide.24 The same study indicates that empowering teachers with the authority to directly influence the welfare of poor families may undermine the potential to develop more democratic and participatory forms of school management. 79. There is also some evidence of increases in the use of preventive health services as a consequence of the transfer. Nonetheless, it is apparent only for some outcomes (such as growth monitoring for children) and generally not for others (such as immunization rates).25 80. Research also indicates that CTPs accompanied by information, social support, weight monitoring and micronutrient supplements, can stimulate healthier feeding practices and improve young children’s nutritional status dramatically, particularly the incidence of stunting. However, the mixed picture with respect to issues such as vaccination, morbidity and mortality, suggests that encouraging utilization of services through CTPs may not produce the expected results if the quality of the services offered remains low. 81. The reduction of child labour is not an explicit objective of the majority of the existing CTPs. Nevertheless the ILO has identified it among the positive effects that CTPs have had in Latin America.26 However, the lack of adequate data on child labour in most countries impedes the identification of the exact impact of the transfers in child labour. 82. In general terms, the impact of CTPs on children living in poor households can be influenced by: (a) the volume of the transfers; (b) the degree to which the design of the scheme is child-oriented;27 (c) who controls the transfers at the household level; and (d) the availability of complementary social services.28 83. CTPs should only be seen as one component of the wider social protection system. The impact that CTPs may have on children’s lives can only be achieved through their full integration with a broad range of social policies and the provision of public services. Special 24 Ibid, p. 51. 25 Ariel Fiszbein, Norber Schady, op. cit, note 18, p. 137. 26 Pablo Sauma, Trabajo infantil y los programas transferencias en efectivo condicionadas en América Latina, 2007. 27 CTPs could achieve this by either focusing on children, by taking children’s needs into account when determining the size of transfers, and/or by linking beneficiary households to other services that provide for children’s needs. 28 Bernd Schubert, Douglas Webb, Miriam Temin, and Petronella Masabane, “The Impact of social cash transfers on children affected by HIV and AIDS: evidence from Zambia, Malawi and South Africa”, UNICEF, 2007.