operation, and it is not unimaginable that we might say that one or both
of these are also constrained by something like socioeconomic rights. 68
Would persons in the original position insist on such constraints? The
answer is "possibly, yes"-in fact, the claim that they would insist on
some such constraint might be more plausible than the claim that they
would adopt the Difference Principle as that is ordinarily understood.
Let me explain. Rawls's own view is that any individual behind the veil
of ignorance choosing principles to govern the basic structure of society
in which the individual was to live would insist on a principle that
ensured social and economic inequalities were regulated to the advantage,
in the first instance, of the least well-off group.69 This is the Rawlsian
Difference Principle. (As we have seen, that principle is not itself
supposed to determine what anyone is entitled to, but it would not be
surprising if it commanded the institution of something like a modem
system of tax and transfer.) Many critics, however, find it incredible
that people in the original position would be so solicitous of the worstoff group in all circumstances. 70 They concede that such solicitude
might be intelligible on the assumption that members of the worst-off
group are suffering serious deprivation. But if everyone is enjoying
great luxury, it seems odd to commit oneself to a principle that we must
always pay attention to plight of members of the group enjoying the least
luxury, sacrificing if necessary the possibility of more luxury overall.
This suggests that the reasons for parties in the original position to
choose something like the Difference Principle evaporate as the actual
level of well-being of the worst-off group improves. Of course, the
parties behind the veil of ignorance are assumed not to know what the
level of general prosperity is, but they might adopt a conditional
principle. They might say, "If the worst-off group is below a certain
(specified) absolute level of deprivation, then all social and economic
inequalities should be oriented to their advantage; if they are above that
level of deprivation, then that exclusive concern may not be
appropriate." In other words, individuals choosing from behind the veil
of ignorance might explicitly adopt some principle of social minimum.
They might reason, for example, that they should make all efforts to
avoid radical deprivation of a sort that might undermine the most
important aspects of human functioning: the nutrition necessary for
ordinary action and reproduction, the shelter and clothing necessary for
68. Id. at 53-55.
69. Id. at 130-60.
70. Id at 68; see also ADAM SWIFT, POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY 26-27 (2d ed. 2006).
71. A principle oriented to the social minimum would be different from the social
minimum policy discussed by Rawls. See RAWLS, supra note 4, at 244-45, 251-52; see
also JOHN RAWLS, JUSTICE As FAIRNESS 127-29 (Erin Kelly ed., 2001).
796
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