favor of human development objectives. The 1991 HDR proposed the use of four ratios in this regard
(UNDP 1991: 39). The public expenditure ratio is the percentage of national income that goes into
public expenditure: it represents the weight of the public sector in the total GDP of the country. The
social allocation ratio is the share of social services in total government spending: it measures how
much of the public budgets goes to finance health, housing, or education, rather than to other
expenses such as those related to national defence or infrastructural projects. The social priority
ratio measures, within the public spending that goes to social services, what goes to basic health
care, primary education, and the extension of basic water systems to poor areas in of both cities and
rural areas, all of which are called "human priority concerns". These three ratios provide an
increasingly more precise means of assessing whether the budgetary priorities set by the State aim at
supporting the needs of the poor. They can be combined to lead to a fourth ratio, which the HDR
calls the human expenditure ratio, representing the share of total GDP that goes to human priority
concerns.
Where human development outcomes are poor, it may mean that the decisions on the respective
allocations are inadequate and should be revised. The UNDP estimates that the human expenditure
ratio "may need to be around 5 % if a country wishes to do well in human development". This, the
UNDP suggests, should ideally be done "keeping the public expenditure moderate (around 25 %) [for
instance by slashing down on military spending, on internal policing, on debt servicing or on the costs
associated with loss‐making public enterprises], [but allocating] much of this to the social sectors
(more than 40 %) and [focusing] on the social priority areas (giving them more than 50 %)"; in
contrast, a less efficient option is to "withdraw a large proportion of national income into the public
sector, to depress private investment and initiative and to restrict the economic growth and resource
expansion that can ultimately finance human development" (UNDP 1991: 39). Countries with a high
public expenditure ratio but a low ranking of social priorities would therefore constitute the worst
case: based on data from 1988, the HDR 1991 places in this category countries such as India (with a
public sector representing 37 % of the GDP (public expenditure ratio) but only 2.5 % of the GDP going
to human priorities (human expenditure ratio)), Nigeria (29 % public expenditure ratio and 2.2 %
human expenditure ratio), Pakistan (25 % and 0.8 % respectively), or Indonesia (25 % and 0.6 %).
Drawing attention to such figures is useful to stimulate a public debate about whether a State is
setting the right priorities, that are consistent both with human development aims and with the
progressive realization of the corresponding economic and social rights. As such however, the
benchmarks set by the UNDP cannot form a substitute for a deeper analysis relating outcomes to the
actions or omissions of the State. First, some public investments that would not count as
corresponding to "human priority" issues or even to "social services", in fact matter significantly to
the realization of economic and social rights. That includes reliable law enforcement agencies and
courts, that can uphold the rights of the individuals and may be expected to address the claims of
individuals with the required independence and impartiality. But it also includes what, in the
terminology introduced by Eide, the duty to "facilitate" ‐‐ as part of the broader duty to fulfil ‐‐ refers
to. The duty to facilitate may be described as a duty to take proactive measures in order to create
the conditions that will ensure that individuals may enjoy the right in concern: it consists, in brief, in
creating the required "enabling conditions" for such enjoyment (Eide 1999: para. 52; Eide 2001: 24;
CESCR 1999a: para. 15). Such conditions may require investment in infrastructures, ranging from
roads and grain storage facilities to clean energy and agricultural research and development. Such
expenses do not fall under the narrow definitions of either "human priority" or "social services". Yet,
these investments can be vital both to human development and to the realization of certain
economic and social rights such as the right to food, to education or to housing. In 1991, when the
Human Development Report on Financing for Development was published, it was perhaps necessary
to emphasize the need to focus more on the needs of the poor in social spending, as investments in
infrastructures had been mobilizing both domestic resources and international donors' contributions
during the previous two decades ; but two decades later, we now understand better the limitations
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CRIDHO‐WP‐2013/2: O. De Schutter – Economic,Social and Cultural Rights as Human Rights: An Introduction