CEDAW/C/GC/30 goals. The full participation and involvement of women in formal peacemaking and post-conflict reconstruction and socioeconomic development are often not realized on account of deeply entrenched stereotypes, reflected in the traditionally male leadership of State and non-State groups, which exclude women from all aspects of decision-making, in addition to gender-based violence and other forms of discrimination against women. 44. The fulfilment of States parties’ obligations to ensure women’s equal representation in political and public life (art. 7) and at the international level (art. 8) requires measures, including temporary special measures under article 4 (1), to address this broader context of gender discrimination and inequality in conflictaffected areas, in addition to the specific and multiple barriers to women’s equal participation that are linked to additional conflict-related restrictions on mobility, security, fundraising, campaigning and technical skills. 45. The implementation of these obligations applies in particular to States parties on whose territory hostilities have occurred, in addition to other States parties involved in peacemaking processes that are required to ensure that women are represented in their own institutions and to support local women’s participation in peace processes. Their implementation, in conjunction with Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) on women, peace and security, guarantees women’s meaningful participation in processes relating to the prevention, management and resolution of conflicts. 46. The Committee recommends that States parties: (a) Ensure that legislative, executive, administrative and other regulatory instruments do not restrict women’s participation in the prevention, management and resolution of conflicts; (b) Ensure women’s equal representation at all decision-making levels in national institutions and mechanisms, including in the armed forces, police, justice institutions and the transitional justice mechanisms (judicial and non-judicial) dealing with crimes committed during the conflict; (c) Ensure that women, civil society organizations focused on women’s issues and representatives of civil society are included equally in all peace negotiations and post-conflict rebuilding and reconstruction efforts; (d) Provide leadership training to women in order to ensure their effective participation in the post-conflict political processes. 47. The Committee recommends that third-party States participating in conflictresolution processes either individually or as members of international or intergovernmental organizations and coalitions: (a) Include women in negotiation and mediation activities as delegates, including at senior levels; (b) Provide technical assistance on conflict-resolution processes to countries emerging from conflict so as to promote women’s effective participation. 12/24 13-54331