A/70/203 38. The present report considers three main types of services: • Connection to a piped network • Shared or communal facilities • Individual on-site solutions. It also considers four broad categories of management models: • Utilities (large scale, formal entities that provide predominantly piped water and sanitation systems) • Small-scale, non-governmental (NGO) or community-run service providers that are recognized or even mandated by the State • Small-scale, NGO or community-run providers that are not mandated by the State and are largely unregulated • Self-supply. 39. Any of these systems may be owned and operated by public or private entities, and working for-profit or not-for-profit. These aspects of service management models will not be considered in the report (see A/HRC/15/31). 40. Utilities, as the first category considered, may be managed poorly or well, but they will generally have a formal structure and will be required to meet particular standards in service provision. There will generally be State -mandated or independent oversight of a utility’s activities, whether or not this is effective. This includes regulatory bodies, which may set standards and targets and monitor issues such as quality and tariff-setting. 41. In some countries, small-scale-, NGO- or community-managed service providers are part of the formal institutional arrangement for ensuring access to water, sanitation and hygiene. This may be the case particularly in rural areas, where it may not be realistic to deliver piped services to individuals and h ouseholds in the short term. These small-scale providers are usually recognized by the State and may receive some form of regulatory oversight. 42. In other countries and other contexts, informal providers exist outside of State oversight, often in response to the absence of more formal solutions for adequate services. These providers tend only to be accountable to consumers insofar as the latter are able to choose between existing providers based on the criteria of availability, price and quality of service. Small-scale, NGO or community-managed providers deliver a range of different water, sanitation and hygiene services, including piped supply, shared or public toilet blocks, water vendors, well construction, latrine construction and pit emptying service s. 43. The final category of service delivery is self-supply. For sanitation, this is probably the most common form of access in rural areas and in many informal settlements, and is also widespread for households’ access to water. 44. Bearing in mind this categorization of different management models, this section of the report discusses different types of services for ensuring access to water, sanitation and hygiene, their links to different management models and oversight capacities that contribute to the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation. 12/24 15-12500