Chapter 5 | Page 200 the Accra Agenda for Action (2008) set out key commitments for ensuring that aid more effectively addresses the needs of the recipient State.63 Aid and development programmes have also begun to incorporate general human rights principles through human rights mainstreaming and Human Rights Based Approaches (HRBA). The HRBA requires that human rights principles of universality and inalienability, indivisibility, interdependence and interrelatedness, equality and non-discrimination, participation and inclusion, accountability and rule of law, are fully incorporated into all aspects of development programming.64 While this gives due recognition to these important human rights values, direct targeting of ESC rights is yet to become the norm in many international aid and assistance programmes. Human rights principles also feature prominently in most bilateral and multilateral donor programmes, and many bilateral donors and multilateral agencies have begun to incorporate human rights standards into their practice and programmes. Examples include the ‘enhancing human rights’ objective of the Australian aid program65 and Germany’s Development Policy Action Plan on Human Rights.66 Against this background, there is necessity for a clearly identified and targeted ESC rights approach in development aid to strengthen opportunities for States to manage their resources through international assistance and co-operation more effectively. Better understanding of the tensions and contradictions in Challenges (OECD and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank, 2nd ed, 2013). 63 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, The Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness and the Accra Agenda for Action (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2008), <http://www.oecd.org/dac/effectiveness/34428351.pdf>. 64 United Nations Development Programme, Indicators for Human Rights Based Approaches to Development in UNDP Programming : A Users’ Guide (UNDP, 2006), <http://gaportal.org/sites/default/files/HRBA%20indicators%20guide.pdf>. 65 Commonwealth of Australia, An Effective Aid Program for Australia: Making a real difference—Delivering real results (Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, 2012), <http://aid.dfat.gov.au/Publications/Documents/AidReview-Response/effective-aidprogram-for-australia.pdf>. 66 Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development - Germany, 'Human Rights in German Development Policy' (BMZ Strategy Paper 4), <http://www.bmz.de/en/ publications/type_of_publication/strategies/Strategiepapier305_04_2011.pdf>.