Chapter 1 | Page 11 mobilising and allocating these resources. Often, even in situations where the State has control over a given resource, it may still not be possible to legally apportion it for ESC rights purposes. For example, although a country’s biodiversity, such as coral reefs and forests, is a valuable natural resource, it may not be appropriate to consider it as directly ‘available’ as part of ESC rights policy. Such resources are more valuable if preserved as part of the natural heritage rather than being exploited in the short-term to fund the realisation of ESC rights. In the long-term, such preservation and sustainable use of natural resources can be instrumental in achieving far superior human rights outcomes for a larger number of individuals at present and in the future. An essential element of resource availability is that, through appropriate policy approaches, the State must be able to expand the horizon of resource availability, to include such areas as private sector and societal resources, as well as non-financial resources. In this context, some scholars have addressed characteristics of the relationship between resources and macroeconomic policy, including taxation, borrowing, and government expenditure.30 In this perspective, resource availability should not be taken as a static representation solely of public finance resources or the budget. Instead, it must encompass concerted and targeted efforts of all institutions of the State to increase public sector resources for ESC rights and other social development programmes. Therefore, when a State is required to take steps to achieve an important policy goal, it must employ more proactive approaches to maximising resources. While the elements listed above set out the key parameters of defining which resources are available to the State, they require further elaboration and connection to policy areas and methods of implementation if viable policy directions for ESC rights realisation are to be developed. 30 For example, Olivier De Schutter, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food, A/HRC/13/33/Add.6, 13th sess, Agenda Item 3, (19 February 2009).