Chapter 1 | Page 34 be confronted and challenged if genuine advancement of human rights is to occur.95 Others, however, argue that globalisation in fact offers the best opportunity to address these deprivations and has brought about the greatest reduction in poverty. Paul Collier, for example, argues that the world’s poorest billion people live in States that have not globalised and the wealthiest billion are citizens of the developed and globalised world, while the middle four billion are those whose standard of living is improving as a consequence of globalisation.96 A more balanced approach acknowledges the reciprocity between globalisation and human welfare, especially human rights, and argues that activities of the global economy can serve as mechanisms for stimulating opportunities that can help achieve human rights goals.97 These contrasting views indicate the power of globalisation to change the lives of individuals and States for better or worse. The impact of globalisation on the ability of States to address ‘resources�� challenges is the main point of interest in the present study, which examines relevant aspects of globalisation from the perspective of resources and policy space. It does not delve into the debate around whether globalisation is good or bad but adopts a neutral position in which globalisation is treated as a force that can be ‘enlisted’ to enhance ESC rights realisation through appropriate policy action.98 Although development is often measured in terms of people’s command over goods and services, unless societies create conditions for people to realise their economic, social and cultural rights, they cannot be regarded as 95 Paul O’Connell, 'On Reconciling Irreconcilables: Neo-liberal Globalisation and Human Rights' (2007) 7(3) Human Rights Law Review 483-509, 508. 96 Paul Collier, The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can be Done about It (Oxford University Press, New York, 2007). 97 David Kinley, Civilising Globalisation: Human Rights and Global Economy (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009). 98 The effect of globalisation on human rights and the room for complementarity have been covered by a number of scholars. For example see, Daniel Aguirre, The Human Right to Development in a Globalized World (Ashgate, Hampshire, 2008); Jeffrey L Dunoff, 'Does Globalization Advance Human Rights?' (1999) 25 Brooklyn Journal of International Law 125; Kinley, above n 97.