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6.3.4 Identifying key policy indicators............................................................... 268
6.4 THE ROLE OF PRIVATE SECTOR IN ESC RIGHTS AREAS: EVIDENCE
FROM STATE REPORTS ................................................................................... 269
6.4.1 State reports: The role of the private sector ............................................ 270
6.4.1.1 Institutional structures advancing private sector participation ............ 270
6.4.1.2 Process elements advancing private sector participation .................. 271
6.4.1.3 Outcomes of private sector participation ........................................... 273
6.4.2 Case study: Private sector participation in alleviating housing shortage in
Maldives .......................................................................................................... 275
6.4.2.1 Background to housing situation in Maldives..................................... 275
6.4.2.2 Housing development: Successful public-private partnership
projects ......................................................................................................... 277
6.4.2.3 Lessons and policy implications ........................................................ 279
6.5 POLICY IMPLICATIONS AND APPROACHES TO MAXIMISE PRIVATE
SECTOR RESOURCES FOR ESC RIGHTS ....................................................... 280
6.5.1 Promotion of equity and protection of the most vulnerable ...................... 280
6.5.2 Governance and regulatory capacity ...................................................... 282
6.6 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................ 284
Chapter 7
7.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 286
7.2 PUBLIC POLICY PROCESS OF RESOURCE ALLOCATION AND
BUDGETING ....................................................................................................... 288
7.2.1 Public sector budgeting and public policy ............................................... 289
7.2.2 Public policy dimensions of resource allocation and budgetary decisions 290
7.2.3 ESC rights priority-setting mechanism in budget allocation ..................... 293
7.2.3.1 Budget formulation stage .................................................................. 295
7.2.3.2 Budget approval stage ...................................................................... 297
7.2.3.3 Budget execution stage..................................................................... 298
7.2.3.4 Budget oversight stage ..................................................................... 299
7.3 CHALLENGES IN MAXIMISING RESOURCE ALLOCATION FOR ESC
RIGHTS 300
7.3.1 Incorporating ESC rights into public policy resources agenda ................. 302
7.3.2 Ensuring allocative efficiency of resources in the budgeting process ...... 306
7.3.3 Optimising the budgeting process for ESC rights .................................... 308
7.3.4 ‘Budgeting behind closed doors’: A case study of budget allocation
dynamics in Maldives ...................................................................................... 311