Chapter 5 | Page 197 findings which confirm that multilateral co-operation generally works well in maximising efficiency, fostering institutions, reducing the burden on recipients, and providing transparency and learning quality.45 In this approach, resources for development aid from multiple sources can be pooled and, thus, better managed.46 Broader participation also gives more legitimacy.47 The process is usually more transparent and less politicised,48 which helps to create positive developmental outcomes. Another positive aspect of the multilateral mode is the ability of multilateral agencies to better coordinate and share norms and knowledge of aid management.49 Given the challenges to multilateral effectiveness, including fragmentation, economies of scale, coordination, and norms knowledge, increased competition among multilaterals should become the focus of future work to strengthen their effectiveness and innovation.50 Multilateral institutions, with their larger capital and knowledge-bases, can be more effective than bilateral donors in making strategic decisions at the global level for maximum impact.51 Domestic political and institutional factors are also relevant to the State’s engagement with multilateral donors. It can be argued that the large number of actors in the multilateral system makes it susceptible to the creation of excessive bureaucracy and delays. The fact that donors have less control over the process could make it less attractive, and the power relations between donors and recipients may also be more complicated. Nonetheless, the multilateral system is more likely to 45 For example see, Nancy Birdsall and Homi Kharas, Quality of Official Development Assistance Assessment (Center for Global Development, Washington, D.C., 2010), <http://www.ifad.org/governance/replenishment/external/QuODA.pdf>. 46 Klingebiel, above n 3. 47 Ibid. 48 Ibid., 28. 49 Homi Kharas and Michael Blomfield, 'Rethinking the Role of Multilateral Institutions in an Ever-Changing Aid Architecture' in Hany Besada and Shannon Kindornay (eds), Multilateral Development Cooperation in a Changing Global Order (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013) 63, 64. 50 Ibid., 64. 51 Ibid.