A/71/304 57. The 2030 Agenda includes a welcome commitment to “accountability” through “a robust, voluntary, effective, participatory, transparent and integrated follow -up and review framework” (resolution 70/1, para. 72) that respects human rights at the international, regional and national levels. Accountability will be critical to the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals. Yet what accountability, follow up and review precisely mean in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals remains unclear. 58. The fields of global health and human rights have, in recent years, developed accountability analysis and institutions, which can inspire accountability for the health-related Sustainable Development Goals and help to shape new arrangements. 30 In 2011, the Commission on Information and Accountability for Women’s and Children’s Health, established to propose a framework to ensure that commitments made under the Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health (2010-2015) were met, proposed a tripartite model of accountability, composed of monitoring, review and remedial action. 31 That model, derived from the human rights understanding of accountability, was subsequently taken up by the Secretary General, including in the Global Strategy for Women ’s, Children’s and Adolescents’ Health 2016-2030, which supports the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals related to women’s, children’s and adolescents’ health. Monitoring 59. Monitoring means “providing critical and valid information on what is happening, where and to whom (results) and how much is spent, where, on what and on whom (resources)”.31 It is envisaged that follow-up and review will be based on a set of global indicators and data to be complemented by regional and national indicators. The 2030 Agenda makes commitments to “high-quality, accessible, timely, reliable and disaggregated” data. 60. States should ensure that adopted indicators are relevant to human rights in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals and capture the availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality of health care and underlying deter minants of health. Participatory governance mechanisms should be in place for disaggregated data collection and analysis, and there must be effective communication of data to decision makers and the population more generally. States should also use innovative methodologies to deal with the challenges of sample sizes. 61. Statistical data are important but not enough for monitoring; they should also be supplemented by qualitative data and information, and analysis by human rights monitoring mechanisms, international organizations and civil society. Monitoring should focus not only on outcomes but also on processes of development and on duty bearers, including States, donors, the private sector, international organizations and civil society organizations. Monitoring, including data, must feed into review processes. __________________ 30 31 16-13597 Alicia Ely Yamin and Rebecca Cantor, “Between insurrectional discourse and operational guidance: challenges and dilemmas in implementing human rights-based approaches to health”, Journal of Human Rights Practice, vol. 6, No. 3 (2014). Commission on Information and Accountability for Women’s and Children’s Health, “Keeping promises, measuring results” (WHO, 2011), p. 7. 15/26