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scarcity may justify “impossibility” in cases where there exists a shortfall in
the provision of the specified goods. Both steps, however, carry with them
certain complexities.
Taking the first step first, the type of social welfare to which individuals have a right could be referred to as a basket of social goods, services,
and facilities (from here onwards referred to as the welfare basket) that is
specified precisely, conceptually valid, and empirically appropriate. But the
crucial question that immediately follows is: On what basis is the basket’s
content prescribed? Perhaps it could be left up to duty-bearers themselves
to determine the content of the welfare basket: the goods, services, and
facilities prioritized with respect to the particular social issues with which
each duty-bearer is faced.33 It could be determined with reference to the
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights “minimum core,” which
entails “a minimum core obligation to ensure the satisfaction of, at the very
least, minimum essential levels of each of the rights is incumbent upon
every State party.”34 Or, it could be defined empirically, through a technical
exercise that prioritizes those goods, services, and facilities deemed most
important to meet the most basic of social needs and that can be feasibly
scaled-up to population coverage.35
These different methods notwithstanding, in determining the content
of the welfare basket, there is no real need to take sides on which method
does the job best. One can be, for present purposes, non-partisan since the
only requirement of conditional social rights is that an assumption as to the
kind of social welfare these rights guarantee can indeed be made. The basket
could be narrowly or expansively defined and, as the foregoing examples
suggest, it seems there is more than sufficient methodological wind to fill
the sails. Taking the second step for determining the content of social rights,
however, is perhaps more perilous.
In determining the content of human rights, the basic objection to the
admittance of resource conditionality is that with it comes implicitness that
the so-called human, social, and economic constraints necessarily render full
attainment of the welfare basket impossible. According to the impossibility
objection, ascribing intrinsic resource conditionality to the description of
social rights inevitably imposes only a “weak”36 duty on the duty-bearer to
33. Philip Alston, The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, in The United
Nations and Human Rights: A Critical Appraisal 491 (Philip Alston ed., 1992) (suggesting that
the content of social rights be clarified by an examination of “the approaches adopted
by States themselves in their internal arrangements”).
34. General Comment No. 3, The Nature of States Parties’ Obligations, adopted 13–14 Dec.
1990, U.N. ESCOR, Comm. on Econ., Soc. & Cult. Rts., 5th Sess., 49th & 50th mtg., ¶
10, U.N. Doc. E/C.12/1990/8 (1990).
35. See, e.g., World Health Organization, Improving Health Outcomes of the Poor: The Report
Of Working Group 5 of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health (2002) (adopting
an empirical approach to prioritization with respect to the right to health).
36. David Beetham, What Future for Economic and Social Rights, 43 Pol. Stud. 41, 57
(1995); Griffin, supra note 8, at 35–37.