A/69/299
22. Sufficient resources available to a State should, however, be allocated to
achieve the realization of other economic, social and cultural rights, in addition to
the plethora of competing demands on the State. When considering allocation to
other competing economic, social and cultural obligations, those of an immediate or
core nature should take precedence. Available resources should imply the maximum
amount of resources that can be allocated to a specific health objective without
compromising other essential services. 11
23. Although what constitutes available resources will differ by context, the term
requires elaboration in order to guide States and assist adjudicators in deciding
whether the amount of available resources proffered by States is acceptable. Even if
adjudicators do not give directions with regard to the allocation and use of
resources, they should closely scrutinize the State’s view of the amount of maximum
resources available to them, given that it is the Government ’s burden to demonstrate
that the amount of its available resources does not permit the fulfilment of some
State obligations. This may require adjudicators to scrutinize the budget to
determine whether the allocation to the health sector or to a particular health goal is
inadequate. A State’s decreasing budgetary allocation for its right to health
obligations vis-à-vis its increasing gross domestic product or increasing allocation
to areas other than those relating to human rights may be evidence that the State has
chosen not to allocate available resources to fulfil t hat right, which may evidence a
breach of its progressively realizable obligations. 11 Adjudicators should also inquire
as to whether the State has sufficiently exerted itself in obtaining international aid or
developing societal resources to expand the amount of resources available. States
should be obliged to provide information regarding the calculation of their available
resources, budget allocations and efforts to increase the available resources in an
open and transparent manner to facilitate a full and fair review by the adjudicator.
24. Where a progressively realizable obligation has a core component,
adjudicators should inquire as to whether the State has fulfilled its obligation in that
regard. When such rights have not been safeguarded, courts have found violations of
the relevant right without even delving into an analysis of a State ’s available
resources. For example, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights noted that the
State obligation to guarantee access to a decent life must be read in view of the
State’s progressively realizable obligations set forth in article 26 of the American
Convention on Human Rights. 13 However, the Court did not use the concept of
progressive realization to qualify the obligation of the State to provide minimum
living conditions that were compatible with the dignity of the human person, but
rather found that the State had breached the claimants’ right to life and was required
to provide, inter alia, medicine, food, clean water and sanitation facilities. 14 Thus, in
accordance with the core obligations under the right to health framework, where
adjudicators determine that certain fundamental human rights have been violated,
they may find that the State has breached its relevant obligations without delving
into the question of whether the State had the available resources to satisfy such
obligations. 15
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13
14
15
8/22
Yakye Axa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay, judgement of 17 June 2005, para. 163.
Ibid., paras. 176 and 221.
See Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay,
judgement of 29 March 2006; Ximenes-Lopes v. Brazil, judgement of 4 July 2006.
14-59014