A/HRC/36/45/Add.1 that there are still whole population groups that do not have access to those services. In the case of the population living in ilhas 20 in Porto, the Special Rapporteur reiterates the concern of the Special Rapporteur on the right to adequate housing regarding their inadequate living conditions, particularly the ad hoc sanitation facilities that are sometimes outside the homes or without doors for privacy or a place to wash (see A/HRC/34/51/Add.2, paras. 45-48). Similar concerns relate to the situation of the Roma population, such as the people he encountered in Amadora. The Special Rapporteur encourages the municipalities to provide support for the construction and maintenance of solutions for sanitation for those who are in vulnerable situations, including people living in informal settlements and the homeless. 47. Furthermore, for both water and sanitation, the disparity between urban and rural areas is still high. According to the 2011 census, for every one housing unit in an urban area that did not have access to a water supply, a sewage system and a toilet, there were three households in a rural area. 2. Situation in educational and public institutions 48. Water and sanitation services should be accessible in public institutions such as health facilities, educational institutions and workplaces. Decree-Law No. 243/86 requires that access to water and sanitation services be provided in schools, health facilities, prison facilities and, in general, all public buildings. It specifically requires that sanitary facilities possess at least one fixed toilet (or Turkish squat style for men) per floor or per 25 male workers and 15 female workers. It further requires that sanitary facilities must have running water and be connected to a sewerage system or adequate septic tank and be equipped with non-irritant soap and, ideally, automatic hand-dryers or paper towels. 49. The Special Rapporteur notes the assessment of the Ombudsman’s Office regarding the improved sanitary facilities in prisons and juvenile detention centres. Over the past few decades, there have been positive developments in prisons in Portugal in terms of water supply and sanitation, both in cells and in other places of confinement, with the complete eradication of the use of the “toilet bucket”. B. Quality 50. The normative content of the human right to water requires water to be of quality and safe, so that its consumption and use do not adversely affect human health. Sanitation services must be hygienic and prevent the contact of faeces with humans, animals and insects. 51. In 1993, the drinking water quality levels in the country were low, with only 50 per cent of households with access to controlled drinking water of good quality. Following the reform in the water sector, there was a significant improvement in the quality of drinking water, with 99 per cent of water complying with the national standards in 2015.21 52. The regulatory system for drinking water quality in Portugal is established under Decree-Law No. 306/2007, 22 which transposes European Drinking Water Directive 98/83/EC. The law is intended to protect human health from the effects of possible contamination and establishes the criteria for managing a public drinking water supply system. Furthermore, it defines the competence of various actors in relation to water quality surveillance, including water service providers, the Water and Waste Services Regulation Authority and the health authorities. The Water and Waste Services Regulation Authority implements the mechanisms and tools to ensure compliance with the legal requirements by 20 21 22 12 Ilhas are a unique form of housing found only in Porto. Established in the nineteenth century for workers, the miniature homes, measuring on average 16 m3, house some of the poorest families in Porto. Hidden from view, the ilhas are located down narrow lanes. There are 957 of those housing arrangements scattered throughout Porto. See www.ersar.pt/en/the-setor/sector-report. That Law replaced Decree-Law No. 243/2001.