Chapter 4 | Page 184 rights) can be effectively employed to guide State policy interventions and participation in the market. 4.5 CONCLUSIONS The macroeconomic analysis of the concept of ‘maximum available resources’ for ESC rights presented in this chapter opens up new methods of appreciating not only State obligations in relation to taking steps within its resource envelope, but also new ways of looking at the potential to improve resource mobilisation and allocation. This chapter presented a qualitative analysis of the policy options available to States with regard to domestic resource mobilisation within an ESC rights framework. It has shown that, in order to achieve the objectives of human rights realisation, most developing countries require significant changes in domestic resource mobilisation strategies, particularly enhancement of their tax regime. There is a substantial gap between developed and developing countries in terms of their ability to raise public revenue. In addition to the low tax-to-GDP ratio in many developing countries, as illustrated in the State reports and case study, these countries also face significant challenges in the form of weak revenue administration, poor governance, low taxpayer morale and compliance. Therefore, the identification of legal and institutional constraints on raising revenue and managing and allocating adequate resources for various policy objectives must be considered in the resource policy agenda. The most important conclusion to be drawn from this chapter is that the design of a domestic revenue regime should target high tax yields by broadening the tax base, reducing tax exemption and tax holidays, and strengthening overall tax administration and fiscal management capacity. The analysis of core elements of fiscal and monetary policy through the lens of ESC rights validates the view that a good fiscal policy should be driven and guided by the principles of efficiency, equity and fairness, and that these policies must be targeted