Chapter 5 | Page 201 human rights approaches in the context of national and international public policy will contribute to turning the objectives of human rights realisation into reality. Overturning the politico-economic status quo and drastically transforming the aid and co-operation landscape will require much greater ownership of the human rights agenda by all the actors. For this to occur, a new set of institutional principles needs to be developed. 5.2.4 Shifting dynamics of international assistance programmes International assistance and co-operation arrangements are experiencing a number of changes. The emergence in recent years of new donors such as China, India and Republic of Korea, among many others, has introduced new ideas and approaches into international aid practice. The attitudes of these donors towards recipient States and aid programmes differ from the traditional approach and reflect their own areas of strength. For example, there is an increased focus on infrastructure development projects under aid programmes which has the potential to cause a paradigm shift in development aid thinking. This form of co-operation, often referred to as South-South co-operation, has already begun to play a significant role in advancing the objectives of the recipient States.67 Given the rising income levels in many middle-income countries, a critical debate has also emerged whether international development aid should be redirected to the poorest countries only, or if there still exists a need to provide aid to those middle-income countries to address their developmental needs.68 67 An important milestone of South-South co-operation is the new Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) which holds promise as an alternative, or at least a complement, to the existing multilateral finance system, although many basic management principles are still to be finalised. See, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank: About Us <http://aiibank.org/yatouhang_04.html>; Injoo Sohn, AIIB: A plank in China’s hedging strategy <http://www.brookings.edu/ research/opinions/2015/05/11-china-asian-infrastructure-investment-bank-sohn>. 68 Gilles Carbonnier and Andy Sumner, 'Reframing Aid in a World Where the Poor Live in Emerging Economies' in Gilles Carbonnier (ed), International Development Policy: Aid, Emerging Economies and Global Policies (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012) 3; Andy Sumner, 'Global Poverty and the New Bottom Billion: What if Three-Quarters of the World’s Poor Live in Middle-Income Countries?' (Working Paper