Chapter 5 | Page 204 aid and assistance programmes. These challenges, and policy options for addressing them, are discussed below. 5.3.1.1 Weakness in the design and architecture of aid and co-operation regime The architecture of international assistance and co-operation is loosely structured and is often driven by the interests of donors without adequate attention to the integration of human rights and the needs of recipients. This situation may be exacerbated by a lack of interest on the part of some recipient States, especially authoritarian and less democratic States, which are often hostile towards the inclusion of a human rights focus in ODA programmes.74 If current development assistance programmes are to be consistent with the needs and objectives of human rights, they may need to be made subject to human rights impact assessments and their personnel may need to receive training in project planning, implementation and evaluation.75 Success in achieving these goals will depend on how effectively the experience of donors can be transferred and combined with knowledge of local conditions.76 The proliferation of new bilateral donors and aid agencies has resulted in increasing fragmentation of the international aid system. New forms of multilateralism, including vertical funds and earmarked trust funds, are emerging while funding from traditional agencies has been on the decline.77 The fragmentation of donors within a loose architecture of aid and co-operation increases the amount of time and resources required for negotiation and 74 See for example, Freedom House, Undermining Democracy: 21st Century Authoritarians (Freedom House, Washington, D.C., 2009), <https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default /files/UnderminingDemocracy_Full.pdf>; The Reality of Aid, Reality of Aid Report 2010: Aid and Development Effectiveness - Towards Human Rights, Social Justice and Democracy (The Reality of Aid Management Committee, Manila, 2010), <http://www.realityofaid.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Web-English-ROA-Report2010.pdf>. 75 Sigrun Skogly, 'The Requirement of Using the ‘Maximum of Available Resources’ for Human Rights Realisation: A Question of Quality as Well as Quantity?' (2012) 12 Human Rights Law Review 393-420, 417. 76 Øyvind Eggen and Kjell Roland, Western Aid at a Crossroads: The End of Paternalism (Palgrave Pivot, Hampshire, 2013), 23. 77 Kharas and Blomfield, above n 49, 63.