Chapter 1 | Page 30 schools.76 Participation in secondary and tertiary education, however, still remains low, mainly because there are few higher secondary schools and tertiary institutions and there is significant disparity between the capital and the outer atolls.77 Regarding rights to health and social welfare, all citizens are covered by the government’s universal health insurance system (Aasandha), introduced in January 2012. In terms of expenditure, the scheme is estimated to represent about 2.8 percent of GDP,78 which raises some concerns about its long term sustainability.79 In addition, a comprehensive contributory and universal pension scheme provides significant welfare support to all those in need.80 While the health insurance scheme addresses the issue of cost and access, the quality of health facilities and services remains poor, especially so in the outer atolls. Despite progress in economic productivity and standard of living, there are still a number of serious challenges. For example, according to the UNDP Human Development Report 2014, although the incidence of poverty remained at 8 percent in 2010, there is growing poverty and inequality in the country, especially in the capital, Malé, due to unemployment and urban migration.81 While the economy has been showing an upward development trend continuously for a number of years, the level and quality of employment has remained less impressive.82 Similarly, the right to housing and related 76 The World Bank, Maldives Development Update 2013 (The World Bank, Washington, D.C., 2013) <http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/ WDSP/IB/2013/12/06/000356161_20131206154350/Rendered/PDF/829560REVISED00ri ef020130Dec0final.pdf>, 11. 77 Ministry of Education - Maldives, School Statistics 2014 Ministry of Education - Maldives <http://www.moe.gov.mv/assets/upload/School_Statistics_2014.pdf>. 78 The World Bank, above n 76, 14. 79 It has been argued that the system need to be reformed to make more sustainable by exploring ways to reduce medicine costs, overseas treatment costs, as well as focusing more on building a close-ended provider payment system. 80 For details on the pension system, see, Ahmed Shahid, 'Ageing with Dignity: Old-Age Pension Schemes from the Perspective of the Right to Social Security under ICESCR' (2014) 15(4) Human Rights Review 455-471. 81 Ministry of Finance and Treasury and the United Nations Development Programme in the Maldives, above n 72, 17. 82 Trading Economics, (2014) <http://www.tradingeconomics.com/>.