Chapter 1 | Page 43 including taxation and relevant aspects of public finance management. Challenges and appropriate policy directions are identified. Chapter 5 continues to apply the conceptual framework developed in Chapter 3 to international assistance and co-operation. It includes arguments relevant to the extraterritorial obligation of States to provide assistance and co-operation and to those aspects of policy that are necessary to maximise the quantity, quality and effectiveness of international assistance and co-operation in the area of ESC rights. Chapter 6 discusses strategies for orienting macroeconomic policy to attract private investment in ESC rights areas and the mobilisation of non-financial resources for ESC rights. Part III (Chapters 7 and 8) builds on these discussions to analyse policy and related aspects of resource allocation and governance. Drawing on arguments from human rights, economics and public policy, Chapter 7 addresses policy challenges and options related to resource allocation, with special emphasis on allocative efficiency and public policy approaches to public sector budgeting from an ESC rights perspective. Chapter 8 provides a detailed account of issues related to resource governance, with emphasis on transparency and accountability in resource mobilisation and allocation practices essential for maximising resources available for advancing ESC rights policy objectives. Chapter 9 concludes with a re-statement of the thesis argument and discusses the academic contributions and practical implications of the study. Directions for future research are identified. In summary, the task of fulfilling the State obligation to use ‘maximum available resources’ towards the ‘progressive realisation’ of ESC rights is beset by definitional ambiguities and the complexity of the challenges involved. This chapter has provided the background to the central purpose of this thesis―to develop a better understanding of the concept of resources required for the realisation of ESC rights―and paved the way for detailed analysis of the question of ‘maximum available resources’ in subsequent chapters.