A/71/302 Rapporteur is of the view that raising awareness of rights -holders by strengthening participatory processes can lead to greater ownership, more involvement in operations and maintenance and improved sustainability of sanitation and water services. 18 2. Conditionalities in development cooperation 34. Although part of the literature on conditionalities in development cooperation identifies positive and negative outcomes, 19 there is a relevant body of research in the water and sanitation sector that highlights the negative aspects of imposing conditionalities. Various types of conditionalities, including ex ante or ex post, policy-based, output-based and tied aid, are commonly used in development cooperation projects in the water and sanitation sector. For example, a funder could condition aid for a collective water supply system on the raising of tariffs paid by users, a policy of full-cost recovery or the privatization of service provision. There is a growing call to end those practices in the interest of ensuring country ownership. For example, the intergovernmental International Conference on Freshwater declared that private sector participation should not be imposed on developing countries as a conditionality for funding, and that priority should be given to catalysing other forms of financing, building capacity and targeting the poor, especially in rural areas. 20 The Special Rapporteur received several statements in response to the above-mentioned questionnaire that reinforced such calls. 35. Civil society organizations stressed that implementing development cooperation in the water and sanitation sector does not only mean making financial arrangements, but also establishing constructive relationships that coordinate to produce regionally and culturally specific policy and programme frameworks. Those affirmations embody serious, well-founded concerns that the orientation of some projects and programmes in the sector continue to be towards profit-based priorities. Civil society organizations also called for both funding and partner States to be responsible for the adverse effects of development cooperation projects on human rights. For example, when conditionalities imposed by funders requiring full-cost recovery through tariffs have raised the cost of access to water and sanitation services and cut off recourse for affected residents to petition those measures, civil society may rightly criticize public authorities for not protecting users from the adverse impact of unaffordable services, as well as the funder for facilitating the creation of such circumstances. 3. The human rights to water and sanitation in State and multilateral agency policies 36. The available general policy documents of the main funding States and multilateral funders show that in most cases they implicitly recognize some of the human rights principles, including equality and non -discrimination, access to information, participation and accountability, in their policy frameworks for development cooperation. In general, a number of human rights principles are accepted and some funding agencies use compatible indicators and similar __________________ 18 19 20 16-13590 See WHO, UN-Water Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS) 2012 Report: The Challenge of Extending and Sustaining Services (Geneva, 2012). Svea Koch, “A typology of political conditionality beyond aid: conceptual horizons based on lessons from the European Union”, World Development, vol. 75 (November 2015). See Summary of the International Conference on Freshwater, held in Bonn, Germany from 3 to 7 December 2001, available from www.iisd.ca/crs/water/SDH20/sdvol66num5.html. 11/24