A/72/139 slaveholders to collude with government officials and police forces to evade laws that protect the rights of victims. 33. Global inequality has also been established as a major source of social instability and conflict by institutions including the World Economic Forum and the World Bank. 23 Social instability and conflict can create vulnerability to specific forms of slavery and related exploitation, as has been reflected in the information that the Special Rapporteur has received when she has conducted fact-finding visits to countries. For example, when she visited El Salvador, a country experiencing a period of significant social instability, she received information about how women, girls and young boys were subjected to slaver y-like practices in situations of localized gang violence, such as sexual subjugation and forced recruitment into gangs and criminal activities. 24 When visiting Nigeria, she received information about the sexual enslavement of women and girls at the hands o f Boko Haram during the period of internal conflict, which is discussed further in paragraph 39 below. 25 Lack of decent work 34. According to ILO, decent work is characterized by opportunities for work that are productive and provide a fair income, security in the workplace and social protection for families, better prospects for personal development and social integration, freedom for people to express their concerns, organize and participate in the decisions that affect their lives and equality of opportunity and treatment for all women and men. Decent work is a powerful protection against contemporary forms of slavery, it can alleviate poverty and provide security for people, allowing them to meet basic and other needs. Decent work also creates conditions under which workers can unionize and protect themselves and others against contemporary forms of slavery and other human rights abuses. 35. Global trends have shown significant and sustained deficits in decent work, resulting in both higher unemployment and extremely high levels of precarious work. According to ILO, in 2017, 201.1 million people will be unemployed. 26 With the figure expected to rise in 2018. While economic conditions are expected to improve moderately, leading to new job creation, the number of people entering the workforce is predicted to increase more swiftly, leaving an additional 2.7 million people unemployed. 27 Workers in vulnerable forms of employment are typically subject to high levels of precariousness, having limited access to the contributory social protection schemes that tend to be more common among waged and salaried workers. ILO published figures in 2017 estimating that a staggering 1.4 billion people will be in precarious forms of employment; this figure is expected to grow by 11 million per year in the coming years. 28 Vulnerable employment has an impact on those in developing countries most significantly, affecting 4 out of 5 workers. 29 36. Such shocking deficits in decent work are being driven by key trends. Increasing global integration has caused significant restructuring of national labour markets as Governments have responded to the needs of foreign investors rather than to national imperatives linked to the labour and human rights of all citizens. Other recent trends include the global financial and economic crises that began in __________________ 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 17-11988 World Economic Forum, Global Risks 2012, 7th ed. (Geneva, 2012); Oxfam International, “An economy for the 99%”. See A/HRC/33/46/Add.1. See A/HRC/32/32/Add.2. ILO, World Employment Social Outlook: Trends 2017 (Geneva, 2017). Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. 11/21