TNTF.RNATIONAI. LAW &_MANAQF.MF.NT RFVlFW VoIJ, JMv. I I that only the state has such obligations. 8 Shue notes in this regard that "for every basic right - and many other rights as well - there are three types of duties, all of which must be performed if the basic right is to be fully honoured but not all of which must necessarily be performed by the same individuals or institutions." 82 This includes state obligations to observe the reasonable minimum core of economic and social rights. State tripartite obligations to respect, protect, and fulfil also apply to questions of economic and social rights.8 3 As states are often reluctant to recognize and protect the reasonable minimum core of economic and social rights extraterritorially, it is necessary to map out the nature and scope of state obligations. Do more developed, mostly Northern European states, have normative extraterritorial obligations to assist less developed, mostly Eastern and Southern European states in protecting economic and social rights? If so, what is the nature and scope of such obligations? In this way, the Maastricht Principles on Extraterritorial Obligations of States in the area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights provide in principle 9 that: [A] State has obligations to respect, protect and fulfil economic, social and cultural rights in any of the following: a) situations over which it exercises authority or effective control, whether or not such control is exercised in accordance with international law; b) situations over which State acts or omissions bring about foreseeable effects on the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights, whether within or outside its territory; c) situations in which the State, acting separately or jointly, whether through its executive, legislative or judicial branches, is in a position to exercise decisive influence or to take measures to realize economic, social and cultural rights extraterritorially, in accordance with international law. However, the Maastricht principles do not specify what is the nature and scope of those obligations. Nonetheless, it appears that obligations of territorial states to ensure economic and social rights could be shared with that of developed or industrialized states, which could be dutybearers of obligations of, "international assistance and co-operation" as it 81See A. Rosas & M. Scheinin, Categories and beneficiaries of human rights, AN INTRODUCTION TO THE INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS: A TEXTBOOK 57-58 (R. Hanski and M. Suksi, eds., Turku, Abo, Abo Akademi University, 2nd ed. 1999). 82HENRY SHUE, BASIC RIGHTS: SUBSISTENCE, AFFLUENCE, AND U.S. FOREIGN POLICY, 76, (Princeton University Press, 1980); see also Ashbjom Eide, Realization of Social and Economic Rights and the Minimum Threshold Approach, 10 HUM. RTS. L. J., 35, 37 (1989) (arguing that the tripartite typology of duties bestows on states a negative obligation to abstain from acts contrary to human rights principles and a positive obligation as a "protector and provider" of rights). " U.N. S.C. Rep. of the Comm'n on the promotion and protection of Human Rights, The Right to Adequate Food and to Be Freefrom Hunger - Updated Study on the Right to Food, Economic & Social Counsel, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/12 (June 28, 1999).