E/C.12/GC/22 domestic violence, rape (including marital rape), sexual assault, abuse and harassment, including during conflict, post-conflict and transition situations; violence targeting lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex persons or women seeking abortion or post-abortion care; harmful practices such as female genital mutilation, child and forced marriage, forced sterilization, forced abortion and forced pregnancy; and medically unnecessary, irreversible and involuntary surgery and treatment performed on intersex infants or children. 60. States must effectively monitor and regulate specific sectors, such as private health-care providers, health insurance companies, educational and child-care institutions, institutional care facilities, refugee camps, prisons and other detention centres, to ensure that they do not undermine or violate enjoyment by individuals of the right to sexual and reproductive health. States have an obligation to ensure that private health insurance companies do not refuse to cover sexual and reproductive health services. Furthermore, States also have an extraterritorial obligation 43 to ensure that transnational corporations, such as pharmaceutical companies operating globally, do not violate the right to sexual and reproductive health of people in other countries, for example through non-consensual testing of contraceptives or medical experiments. 61. Violations of the obligation to fulfil occur when States do not take all necessary steps to facilitate, promote and provide for the right to sexual and reproductive health within maximum available resources. Such violations arise when States fail to adopt and implement a holistic and inclusive national health policy that adequately and comprehensively includes sexual and reproductive health or when a policy fails to appropriately address the needs of disadvantaged and marginalized groups. 62. Violations of the obligation to fulfil also occur when States fail to progressively ensure that sexual and reproductive health facilities, goods and services are available, accessible, acceptable and of good quality. Examples of such violations include the failure to guarantee access to the full range of contraceptive options so that all individuals are able to utilize an appropriate method that suits their particular situation and needs. 63. In addition, violations of the obligation to fulfil occur when States fail to take affirmative measures to eradicate legal, procedural, practical and social barriers to the enjoyment of the right to sexual and reproductive health and to ensure that health-care providers treat all individuals seeking sexual and reproductive health care in a respectful and non-discriminatory manner. Violation of the obligation to fulfil also occur when States fail to take measures to ensure that up-to-date, accurate information on sexual and reproductive health is publicly available and accessible to all individuals, in appropriate languages and formats, and to ensure that all educational institutions incorporate unbiased, scientifically accurate, evidence-based, age-appropriate and comprehensive sexuality education into their required curricula. VI. Remedies 64. States must ensure that all individuals have access to justice and to meaningful and effective remedy in instances in which the right to sexual and reproductive health is violated. Remedies include, but are not limited to, adequate, effective and prompt reparation in the form of restitution, compensation, rehabilitation, satisfaction and guarantees of non-repetition, as appropriate. The effective exercise of the right to remedy requires funding access to justice and information about the existence of these remedies. It 43 Maastricht Principles on Extraterritorial Obligations of States in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. 15