A/67/286 on the volume of lending and housing finance availability, and there is a shortage of consistent, reliable indicators on the performance of housing finance systems over time, especially regarding the housing conditions of the poor. 71. The Special Rapporteur calls for a paradigm shift from housing policies based on the financialization of housing to a human rights-based approach to housing policies. In this context, she makes the following recommendations: (a) The promotion of access to adequate housing cannot be based solely on financial mechanisms. Broader State policies and interventions should be adopted, including, inter alia, public investments in infrastructure and basic services, human settlements upgrading and rehabilitation, urban planning and land policies, public financing, land and housing provision, rent regulation and related legal and institutional frameworks; (b) The right to adequate housing should be respected and protected during the design, implementation and monitoring phases of housing policies and programmes and elaborated and implemented with the full participation of affected individuals and communities. The right to adequate housing should be understood as the right to live in conditions deemed adequate on the grounds of security of tenure; availability of services, building materials, facilities and infrastructure; affordability; habitability; accessibility; location; and cultural adequacy; (c) The design of housing policies should be based on an assessment of adequate housing needs, taking into consideration the specific conditions in each country, in particular, demographic, geographic, economic and social conditions, and the characteristics and composition of the various disadvantaged groups (including low-income households), their housing conditions and forms of tenure; (d) Housing policies should redress discrimination in access to adequate housing and promote the realization of the right to adequate housing for the most disadvantaged groups; (e) States should refrain from focusing their housing policies on housing finance schemes with predominantly regressive effects, such as mortgage interest rate subsidies or mortgage interest tax exemptions; (f) Integrated housing policies should be developed that target disadvantaged groups, including lower-income households. These policies and programmes should ensure access to affordable land and to the physical and social infrastructure that is needed to ensure adequate housing; (g) States should promote alternatives to housing policies based on private credit and ownership, including through the development of a private rental sector. Adequate legal, financial and tax conditions should be created in order to encourage the supply of social rental housing as well as other forms of collective and individual tenure; (h) States should promote a mixture of tenure systems, including a public housing sector that is not tied to liberalized markets and limited-profit rental or regulated rent schemes, in order to prevent social exclusion and segregation. A mixture of tenure solutions is essential for the promotion of 22 12-45918