A/68/289 control land and housing affordability by controlling land prices (community land trusts), providing increased economic resilience (through financial support to households that temporary encounter financial difficulties (Federation of Mutual Aid Housing Cooperatives), protecting low-income households from the housing market volatility and by limiting economic displacement and gentrification. 65. Both cooperatives and community land trusts also promote affordable housing for the poor by taking on responsibility for the maintenance and rehabilitation of communal housing space, which is a heavy cost for the poor. By locking land and housing values, community land trusts and cooperatives also contribute to the overall stability of land market and housing affordability. Finally, the leverage of the community greatly enhances the ability of low-income household members to access housing that is well located in urban areas and to ensure security of tenure in these locations. 66. Collective forms of tenure clearly represent an effective form of self-help that may assist in the progressive realization of the right to adequate housing. In accordance with paragraphs 10 and 11 of General Comment No. 4 of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, States have an obligation to facilitate the activity of such mechanisms for housing production and allocation, particularly when evidence indicates that they can promote access to adequate housing for marginalized groups that would otherwise be excluded from the housing market. However, despite these clear advantages, to date collective tenure remains at a limited scale, mainly as a result of the lack of supportive legal, financial and institutional frameworks in most countries. Although community structures need a certain degree of autonomy in order to regulate the relationship between the members and the organization and preserve their decision-making autonomy, they also require supportive legal and institutional structures in order to enable their functioning. For example, the legal recognition of collective tenure is essential, as well as the possibility of taking on collective loans. In that context, it is crucial that the State provide urban land that is well located, in particular in densely populated urban settings, in order to support the ability of collective housing organizations to compete in the land market. IV. Conclusion and recommendations 67. Housing policies have increasingly been reduced to housing finance systems to promote homeownership. Evidence indicates that housing policies based exclusively on facilitating access to credit for homeownership are incompatible with the full realization of the right to adequate housing for lowincome households, as they fail to supply habitable and affordable housing to the poor that is secure and well located. 68. The Special Rapporteur calls for a paradigm shift from the financialization of housing to a human rights-based approach to housing policies. In that context, she makes the following recommendations: (a) States should promote various forms of tenure: (i) A mixture of tenure solutions, including private and public rental and collective tenure, is essential for the promotion of access to adequate housing for the various segments of society and in order to shield 22/24 13-42184