A/HRC/28/60 problem. Even if they are repatriated after they have been laundered abroad or offshore, they tend to be reinvested into luxury residential property and other luxury goods, increasing inequality rather than being allocated to strengthening the rule of law, or judicial, health, education or social security systems, for the benefit of the common good. Frequently illicit inflows fund further crime, including organized crime, human trafficking, piracy, the illicit arms trade and terrorist activities undermining the rule of law, peace and security, and human rights. 10 12. Trade misinvoicing is estimated to be the most popular way of moving funds illicitly out of developing countries. GFI estimated that they account for 77.8 per cent of all illicit outflows over the last decade. Although Sub-Saharan Africa has the smallest nominal share of regional outflows over the period 2003–2012, it has the highest average illicit outflows to gross domestic product ratio (5.5 per cent), indicating that illicit financial outflows have had a disproportionate impact on the region.11 Figure II Illicit financial flows from developing countries 2003–2012 (percentage of GDP) Source: Kar and Spanjers, Illicit financial flows, 2014 (see footnote 5), p. 46. MENA = Middle East and North Africa. GRULAC = Latin America and the Caribbean. 13. Illicit financial flows are also a serious concern for developed countries. Tax avoidance schemes by transnational corporations shifting profits to low tax jurisdictions within OECD countries and commercial banks that facilitate tax evasion by high net worth individuals in a systematic manner have recently received much attention.12 In addition, 10 11 12 6 For a comprehensive analysis see for example Alex Cobham, (see footnote 3 ) and Jeremy Haken, “Transnational crime in the developing world” (Washington D.C., Global Financial Integrity, 2011). Kar and Spanjers, “Illicit financial flows from developing countries: 2003–2012” (see footnote 5), p. 46. See for example, www.forbes.com/sites/halahtouryalai/2013/01/04/tale-of-two-swiss-banks-whywegelin-failed-and-ubs-survived-tax-evasion-charges/ and www.icij.org/project/ luxembourg-leaks.