E/CN.4/2006/43 page 16 obligations of all other agents in the society who are obliged to help and do something if they are called upon for fulfilling those rights. State parties can impose taxes, fees and regulatory procedures restricting the behaviour of individuals, including the functioning of multinationals within State borders. They could also directly engage in the provision of services that contribute to the fulfilment of those rights. Furthermore, State parties can enter into negotiations with the international community, other States, donors and creditors, as well as the international institutions overseeing finance and trade to help them implement their programmes. 52. Agents of the international community have both perfect and imperfect obligations. There are several actions undertaken by these agents which directly affect the conditions of poverty, such as extraction of debt repayment when the parties are completely insolvent, enforcing intellectual property rules that raise the cost of essential items for the poor and having a trade regime that discriminates against the realization of appropriate values for goods produced by the poor. If an action of an agent directly results in creating the conditions of poverty, then that agent has the perfect obligation to desist from that action. This would mean that those agents would have to reorganize their priority objectives and accept that the removal of poverty is an objective that supersedes all other policy goals. That is the implication of recognizing a human right, and if the international community recognizes poverty as a denial of human rights, it should not be possible for these international agents to refuse to accept that responsibility. But, in addition to such perfect obligations, the members of the international community also have imperfect obligations, meaning that they could take actions in their respective fields, which may not impact much on conditions of poverty if looked at in isolation from each other, but which may have a substantial impact if they are coordinated. State parties, who are the primary duty bearers, and some of the major parties of the international community, whether the Bretton Woods institutions or the major donors, may have to play the role in situations of designing and implementing a coordinated programme of action that would convert these imperfect obligations into actions that directly impact on the alleviation of poverty. 53. The problem in all these formulations is that, even if it is logically possible to argue that if poverty is defined in terms of denial or violation of human rights the obligations associated with those rights would improve the likelihood of State parties and the international community implementing those policies, in the practical world it depends very much upon the State parties accepting their obligations for fulfilling the rights as legally and morally binding. It is not difficult to work out methods to monitor these obligations and mechanisms to reprimand those who do not fulfil their obligations, or to compensate the right holders whose rights are not fulfilled. It is not necessary to depend on justice in courts of domestic or international law. There can be treaty bodies, international organizations and mechanisms, as well as domestic national human rights monitoring institutions - all of which can be complemented by public action and mobilization by non-governmental organizations. However, the willingness of State parties to accept these obligations as binding upon them is essential. 54. There are several States which have not yet fully ratified the international human rights conventions, and even those States which have ratified have failed to incorporate them into the domestic legal system or submitted themselves to respond to international criticisms. One example is the position taken by the United States of America, which has not accepted economic, social and cultural rights as legally valid rights.