CRC/C/GC/13 b. Professional ethics codes, protocols, memoranda of understanding and standards of care for all childcare services and settings (including daycare centres, schools, hospitals, sport clubs and residential institutions etc.); (ii) Involving academic teaching and training institutions with regard to child protection initiatives; (iii) Promoting good research programmes. 43. Social measures should reflect governmental commitment to fulfilling child protection rights and provide for basic and targeted services. They can be initiated and implemented by both State and civil society actors under the responsibility of the State. Such measures include: (a) Social policy measures to reduce risk and prevent violence against children, for example: (i) Integration of child caregiving and protection measures into mainstream systems of social policy; (ii) Identification and prevention of factors and circumstances which hinder vulnerable groups’ access to services and full enjoyment of their rights (including indigenous and minority children and children with disabilities, among others); (iii) Poverty reduction strategies, including financial and social support to families at risk; (iv) Public health and safety, housing, employment and education policies; (v) Improved access to health, social welfare and justice services; (vi) “Child-friendly cities” planning; (vii) Reduced demand for and access to alcohol, illegal drugs and weapons; (viii) Collaboration with the mass media and the ICT industry to devise, promote and enforce global standards for child caregiving and protection; (ix) Development of guidelines for protecting children from information and material produced by mass media disrespecting the human dignity and integrity of the child, abolishing stigmatizing language, refraining from the dissemination of revictimizing reports on events in family or elsewhere affecting a child and promoting professional methods of investigation based on the use of diverse sources which can be examined by all parties involved; (x) Opportunities for children to express their view and expectations in the media and be not only engaged in children’s programmes, but also involved in the production and transmission of all kinds of information, including as reporters, analysts and commentators in order to support an adequate image of children and childhood in the public. (b) Social programmes to support the child individually and to support the child’s family and other caregivers to provide optimal positive child-rearing, for example: (i) For children: childcare, early child development and after-school care programmes; child and youth groups and clubs; counselling support to children experiencing difficulties (including self-harm); 24-hour toll-free child helplines with trained personnel; foster family services which are subject to periodic review; (ii) For families and other caregivers: community-based mutual-help groups to address psychosocial and economic challenges (for example parenting and microcredit groups); welfare programmes to support families’ standard of living, including 16