[1] See E/CN.4/2003/54/Add.1. [2] Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 12 (E/C.12/1999/5), para. 15. [3] See United Nations Development Programme, Relatório do desenvolvimento humano Brasil 2005 – Racismo, pobreza e violência (Brazil, UNDP, 2005), p. 59. [4] SeeBrazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, Consumer Expenditure Survey (POF) 2002–2003: Analysis of the household availability of food and nutritional condition in Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, 2004). [5] For the statistics in this and the following paragraphs, see Ministry of Health, Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde da Criança e da Mulher – PNDS 2006: Dimensões do Processo Reprodutivo e da Saúde da Criança (Brasilia, 2009), p. 232. [6] Ministry of Health, Indicadores de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional: Brasil 2006 (Brasilia, 2009), pp. 65– 66. [7] Ministry of Health, Chamada Nutricional da Região Norte 2007: resumo executivo (Brasilia, 2009). [8] Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, National Household Sample Survey (Brasilia, 2009). [9] See E/C.12/1999/5, para. 15. [10] The Special Rapporteur notes the ongoing debate on the question of the impact of constitutional amendment No. 45 on the hierarchical rank of international human rights treaties ratified by Brazil prior to the adoption of that amendment. [11] See E/C.12/BRA/CO/2, para. 7. [12] A/HRC/8/27, para. 83. [13] See also A/HRC/4/18, para. 21. [14] Council for the Defence of the Rights of the Person, Relatório Final do CDDPH sobre a Criminalização dos Movimentos Sociais (Brasilia, 2009). [15] See Escher and others vs. Brazil (Series ‘C’, No. 200), Judgement (preliminary exceptions, merits and reparations) of 6 July 2009 (illegal wiretapping by the police of people linked to the Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST)); Garibaldi v. Brazil (Series ‘C’, No. 203), Judgement (preliminary exceptions, merits and reparations) of 23 September 2009 (failure to investigate properly the death of a landless peasant during a forced eviction carried out by a private militia). [16] See the Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, art. 17. [17] See E/C.12/1999/5, para. 15. [18] M. Neri et al., Efeitos informais do Salário Mínimo e Pobreza, Economic Working Papers No. 372 (Brazil, Fundação Getúlio Vargas, 1998). [19] Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia, A grilagem de terras públicas na Amazônia brasileira, study series No. 8 (Ministry of the Environment, 2006), pp. 16–17. [20] See E/C.12/1999/5, para. 15. [21] See E/1999/5, para. 17. [22] See UNICEF, Situação Mundial da Infância 2008 – Caderno Brazil, (Brazil, UNICEF, 2008). [23] See J.V. Chaves and J.A.C. Ribeiro “Gasto Social Federal: Execução Orçamentária dos Órgãos Sociais Federais em 2007 e primeiras Impressões”, (Brasilia, Institute of Applied Economic Research, 2008). [24] Data generated via the Senate’s SIGA-BRASIL budget monitoring tool. Available at http://www9.senado.gov.br/portal/page/portal/orcamento_senado/Programas_Sociais. [25] See Institute for Socioeconomic Studies, PLOA 2009: metade do orçamento para os credores financeiros, Technical Note No. 143, 2008, p. 2. This is relevant in the Brazilian context because of the possibility since 1994 of de-coupling national revenue, allowing the Federal Government to redirect up to 20 per cent of constitutionally earmarked revenues from social policy towards constituting a fiscal surplus used, in turn, to service the public debt. [26] See M.H. Zockun (ed.), “Simplificando o Brasil: Proposta de reforma na relação econômica do governo com o setor privado”, discussion paper of the Fundação Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica, (São Paulo, University of São Paulo, 2007), p. 19. [27] Tax Services, Carga Tributária no Brasil – 2008: Análise por Tributo e Bases de Incidência, Estudos