A/HRC/18/33 ethnic or racial minorities, elderly people, indigenous groups, persons living with disabilities, people living in water-scarce regions and persons living with HIV/AIDS. 75. Not all prohibited grounds of discrimination will be relevant in all States. In the process of identifying groups and individuals who are disadvantaged, States need to survey the population based on these grounds and investigate further when they find that certain groups are discriminated against. While, for instance, gender-based discrimination or disparities between formal and informal settlements will be a common issue in many countries, identifying and addressing other forms of discrimination will require a more contextualized approach. 76. For example, the planning process for the Rights-based Development Strategy 20062013 of the Kiseljak municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina aimed at the identification of development priorities in terms of human rights, and included an assessment of the water infrastructure in the municipality. As the assessment showed that the situation was most severe in the Hrastovi settlement, inhabited mostly by Roma, the municipality prioritized improving the infrastructure there.46 77. Based on their assessments, States must specifically monitor progress within the identified populations that are likely to be discriminated against in order to address systematic exclusion. They must develop tailored interventions for their specific circumstances, including potentially setting separate targets for these groups. Specific strategies to reach those most in need will be necessary to overcome legal, economic, physical, institutional, cultural, linguistic and other barriers. 78. The Zambian Devolution Trust Fund, for example, conducted a baseline study47 collecting data on water and sanitation disaggregated by, among other things, urban and rural area and income level. Based on these findings, Zambia specifically targets lowincome areas through the promotion of low-cost technology, such as water kiosks with the tariffs set at the lowest band. Complementary to cross-subsidization through the tariff structure, the construction of infrastructure in urban low-income areas is financed through the Trust Fund.48 79. In their monitoring activities, States must specifically pay attention and report on the measures taken to reach the most disadvantaged and excluded. They must also include information on the programmes and resources specifically devoted to these purposes; that is, disaggregated data is not only necessary at the level of outcome, but likewise in measuring Government efforts, for instance, to determine whether resources have been increased to reach people living in slums. The Tanzania Water and Sanitation Network monitors equity in the sector through annually published equity reports focusing on the inclusion, accountability, participation and sustainability of policies. It found considerable equity fault lines in the water sector of the United Republic of Tanzania, for example, a gap between access in rural and urban areas and disproportionately high budgets for urban services. 46 47 48 Kiseljak Municipality, Rights-based Development Strategy, pp. 27, 28 and 68. Available from www.rmap.undp.ba/Upload/SC/kiseljak%20strategy_26Oct_eng.pdf. Zambia, Devolution Trust Fund and National Water Supply and Sanitation Council, Reaching the Millennium Development Goals for Water Supply and Sanitation in Zambia: The Urban Perspective (Lusaka, 2005). Available from www.nwasco.org.zm/media/mdg.pdf. Lammerding et al., “All Inclusive?”, (note 29 above), p. 6. 19