A/67/310 normative framework for technical and vocational education and training. This is foreseen in the UNESCO Revised Recommendation concerning Technical and Vocational Education (2001), which stipulates, in paragraph 100, that “Internationally recommended standards and norms should be continuously evaluated through sustained research on and monitoring of the effectiveness of their application in each country”. The Shanghai Consensus, the recent outcome document of the Third International Congress on Technical and Vocational Education and Training suggested considering “the relevance and currency of UNESCO’s Convention on Technical and Vocational Education (1989) and the Revised Recommendation concerning Technical and Vocational Education (2001), with a view to the possible development of new or revised normative instruments adapted to a changing world”. 35. While recognizing the diversity of education systems and the need to promote the participation of multiple stakeholders in technical and vocational education and training, international instruments foresee the need to further develop normative frameworks to guide action in this regard. The UNESCO Convention on Technical and Vocational Education, in its preamble, deems it desirable “to develop common guidelines in technical and vocational education” considering that, in many countries, similar objectives are pursued and similar problems arise. 35 Similarly, ILO Recommendation No. 195, in paragraph 5 (a), encourages States to “define, with the involvement of the social partners, a national strategy for education and training, as well as establish a guiding framework for training policies at national, regional, local, and sectoral and enterprise levels”. These guiding frameworks, with national laws and policies as a bulwark, can enrich national normative frameworks. V. National legal and policy frameworks for technical and vocational education and training 36. International human rights treaties lay down obligations for accepting States which they must incorporate into domestic legal order. States parties to the UNESCO Convention on Technical and Vocational Education undertake to apply it “in accordance with the constitutional provisions and legislation of each Contracting State” (article 1, paragraph (c)). 36 Article 2, paragraph 2, of the Convention provides that “The general framework for the development of technical and vocational education shall be determined in each Contracting State by appropriate legislation or other measures”. National laws and regulations, such as those described in this section, show the importance of developing the requisite legal framework for technical and vocational education and training to ensure its progressive availability to all. __________________ 35 36 12 At the time of their adoption, the standards laid down in the ILO Convention were considered “pilot standards” on the contribution of vocational guidance and training (ILO, General Survey concerning employment instruments (Geneva, 2010), para. 110). Article 2, paragraph 1, also provides that “The Contracting States agree to frame policies, to define strategies and to implement, in accordance with their needs and resources, programmes and curricula for technical and vocational education designed for young people and adults, within the framework of their respective education systems, in order to enable them to acquire the knowledge and know-how that are essential to economic and social development as well as to the personal and cultural fulfilment of the individual in society”. 12-46486