A/67/310 68. Too often, however, inadequate resources impede the advancement of technical and vocational education and training. Moreover, it usually requires specialized infrastructure and facilities, which place additional pressures on already limited resources. The Special Rapporteur witnessed this at first hand during his country visits to Kazakhstan (A/HRC/20/21/Add.1, paras. 33-38), Senegal (A/HRC/17/29/ Add.2, paras. 44-50) and Tunisia, where budget allocations for technical and vocational education and training were deficient. 69. In most countries, technical and vocational education and training often falls under ministries responsible for education, labour or science, although some specific vocational training programmes (e.g., agriculture, health and transport) fall under the supervision of other line ministries. All concerned ministries and departments should have a role and responsibility for mobilizing resources for technical and vocational education and training. 70. In this context, it is important to recall that human rights law clearly establishes State obligations to finance education utilizing the maximum available resources. As the Special Rapporteur has consistently urged, giving effect to these obligations requires various legal and policy instruments to ensure that any investment in technical and vocational education and training is predictable and sustainable. 71. Owing to stagnating and even diminishing education budgets, it is necessary to look for alternative financing strategies and adopt innovative approaches for securing enhanced budgetary provisions for technical and vocational education and training. While recognizing that States bear the primary obligation to provide such education and training, it is also important to boost the increasing use of a diverse range of funding mechanisms and diversify financing sources for technical and vocational education and training. For example, a system of resource contribution by industry and private sector (e.g., a 2 or 3 per cent levy) for a technical and vocational education and training fund could be envisaged in order to leverage existing resources for national technical and vocational education and training programmes, in particular for technical equipment and facilities. States may wish to consider sharing, to the maximum extent possible, funding for technical and vocational education and training with industry and the private sector, with Government providing appropriate incentives to this end. “Government and the private sector should recognize that technical and vocational education is an investment, not a cost, with significant returns.” 63 VIII. Public-private partnerships 72. Although States carry the primary responsibility for technical and vocational education and training, in a modern market economy, new partnerships among Government, employers, professional associations, industry, employees and their representatives, the local community and non-governmental organizations have become necessary for policy design and delivery of technical and vocational education and training, in addition to its financing. In this context, the normative framework established by ILO is especially important. __________________ 63 20 UNESCO Revised Recommendation concerning Technical and Vocational Education (2001), annex, para. 9 (e). 12-46486