A/62/214 their duties, with a view to identifying successes and difficulties; so far as necessary, policy and other adjustments can then be made. There are many different forms of monitoring and accountability mechanisms: judicial, quasi-judicial, administrative and political. While a State will decide which are most appropriate in its particular case, all mechanisms must be effective, accessible and transparent. 89. A national water and sanitation policy must be subject to appropriate monitoring and accountability. This requires that the policy set out the Government’s right-to-health obligations in relation to water and sanitation, as well as an implementation plan that identifies objectives, timelines, duty holders and their responsibilities, indicators, benchmarks and reporting procedures. From time to time, a suitable national body (such as a health ombudsperson or a water and sanitation regulator) will have to consider the degree to which those responsible for the implementation of the national water and sanitation policy have fulfilled their duties — not necessarily with a view to sanction and punishment, but with a view to establishing which policies and institutions are working and which are not, with the aim of enhancing access to water and sanitation for all. Some key issues 90. Ensuring access to water and sanitation for all gives rise to a wide range of specific, practical and important issues. By way of illustration, the present section briefly introduces some of these issues, keeping in mind the analytical framework signalled in preceding paragraphs. Water privatization 91. In some quarters, privatization has been promoted as a way of responding to the global water crisis and ensuring access to all. However, experience shows that privatization may lead to price increases that do not take into account the ability of lower-income consumers to pay. For example, it is estimated that, after privatization, residents of Cochabamba in Bolivia were spending more than 25 per cent of their average household income on water, leading to violent protests in early 2000. 51 Similarly, privatization in the Philippines led to a 60 to 65 per cent increase in water tariffs, which meant that many people could not afford to pay them. 52 92. The high cost of water may force households to use alternative sources of water of poorer quality that are a greater risk to health. Furthermore, the high cost of water may reduce the volume of water used by households to such an extent that hygiene and health are compromised. 53 93. While international human rights law does not demand a particular form of service delivery or pricing policy, States must ensure that private water and sanitation providers do not compromise access to affordable, physically accessible water and sanitation. 54 Whether the supply of water and sanitation facilities is __________________ 51 52 53 54 20 G. Dalton, Private Sector Finance for Water Sector Infrastructure: What Does Cochabamba Tell Us About Using This Instrument, Occasional Paper, No. 37 (University of London School of Oriental and African Studies, 2001). Marites Sison, “Philippines: awash in water bills after privatization”, Inter Press Service, 22 January 2003. See WHO, loc. cit. See E/CN.4/2004/49/Add.1, para. 11. 07-45379