Chapter 5 | Page 191 Currently, international assistance and aid programmes comprise a large number of actors. Some estimate that there are at least 126 bilateral agencies from the OECD DAC countries and another 23 non-DAC bilateral donors.17 In addition, there are 263 multilateral aid agencies, not counting the huge number of private philanthropic organisations.18 It is estimated that bilateral agencies contribute about 70 percent of all aid, while multilateral and other systems account for the rest.19 There is also a large number of bilateral and regional co-operation and assistance arrangements. Despite renewed commitments from developed States on many occasions to allocate 0.7 percent of Gross National Product (GNP) to international aid,20 total aid remains at 0.3 per cent of their combined GNP.21 As of 2014, only Norway, Sweden, Luxemburg, Denmark, and the United Kingdom had met the 0.7 per cent commitment.22 According to OECD statistics, the net ODA from DAC countries was US$135.1 billion in 2013 and US$135.2 billion in 2014, which represents a 0.5 percent decline in real terms if price rises and exchange rate moves are factored in.23 Overall, the GNP share of ODA for DAC countries remains at 29 percent.24 These statistics show that there has 17 Homi Kharas, 'Development Assistance in the 21st Century' (Paper presented at the The VIII Salamanca Forum- The Fight Against Hunger and Poverty, Wolfensohn Center for Development, Brookings Institute, Washington, D.C., 2-4 July 2009) <http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2009/11/development-aidkharas/11_development_aid_kharas.pdf>. 18 Alison Evans, Aid effectiveness post-2010- a think piece on ways forward (Overseas Development Institute, 2010), <http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odiassets/publications-opinion-files/7263.pdf>, 2. 19 Simon Burall, Simon Maxwell and Alina Rocha Menocal, 'Reforming the international aid architecture: Options and ways forward' (Working Paper 278, Overseas Development Institute), 4; Inge Kaul and Pedro Conceição, 'Why Revisit Public Finance Today?' in Inge Kaul and Pedro Conceição (eds), The New Public Finance: Responding to Global Challenges (The United Nations Development Programme, New York, 2006) 1. 20 A Commission led by the Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau called for the allocation of 0.7 per cent of GNP of the rich states to aid the developing states, which was later adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1970. 21 Ortiz, above n 15, 55. 22 Ibid. 23 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Development aid stable in 2014 but flows to poorest countries still falling OECD <http://www.oecd.org/development/ development-aid-stable-in-2014-but-flows-to-poorest-countries-still-falling.htm>. 24 Ibid.