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Chapter 2
2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 45
2.2 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS IN THE INTERNATIONAL
HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM ................................................................................... 46
2.2.1 Terminology of ESC rights obligations ...................................................... 48
2.2.2 Obligation of respect, protect and fulfil ...................................................... 50
2.2.3 Obligations of conduct and result .............................................................. 52
2.3 GENERAL AND SUBSTANTIVE OBLIGATIONS UNDER THE ICESCR ....... 53
2.3.1 General Obligations .................................................................................. 54
2.3.1.1 Key obligations under Article 2(1) ....................................................... 54
2.3.1.2 Obligation of non-discrimination .......................................................... 65
2.3.1.3 Minimum core content and minimum core obligations ......................... 66
2.3.1.4 Non-retrogression, limitations and derogations ................................... 68
2.3.2 Substantive rights and obligations ............................................................ 70
2.3.3 Justiciability and adjudication.................................................................... 77
2.3.4 Violations and remedies ........................................................................... 79
2.3.5 Compliance and monitoring procedures.................................................... 81
2.4 ‘MAXIMUM AVAILABLE RESOURCES’: WIGGLE ROOM FOR STATES? ... 85
2.4.1 The concept of ‘maximum available resources’: What does it entail? ........ 87
2.4.2 Addressing resource constraints through an ESC rights lens.................... 90
2.4.3 Effective allocation of available resources: Targeting core obligations and
the most vulnerable ........................................................................................... 92
2.5 CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................. 94
Chapter 3
3.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 96
3.2 A CROSS-DISCIPLINARY MODEL OF ‘MAXIMUM AVAILABLE
RESOURCES’ ....................................................................................................... 98
3.2.1 Existing models of ‘maximum available resources’ ................................... 98
3.2.2 A cross-disciplinary model of ‘maximum available resources’ ................. 101
3.2.3 Justifying a cross-disciplinary model of ‘maximum available resources’ in
the context of globalisation dynamics .............................................................. 104
3.3 KEY ELEMENTS OF RESOURCE MOBILISATION...................................... 108
3.3.1 Scope of resources: Financial and non-financial resources .................... 109
3.3.2 Public sector resources .......................................................................... 111