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4.4.1.1 State practice: Structural issues ........................................................ 171
4.4.1.2 State practice: Process issues .......................................................... 173
4.4.1.3 State practice: Outcome issues......................................................... 175
4.4.2 Pushing policy boundaries on resource mobilisation: A case study on
Maldives .......................................................................................................... 176
4.4.2.1 Economic background and fiscal position.......................................... 176
4.4.2.2 Deficit financing and debt sustainability............................................. 179
4.4.2.3 Challenges in strengthening resource base from an ESC rights
perspective ................................................................................................... 181
4.4.3 Policy implications in maximising domestic revenue for ESC rights ........ 181
4.5 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................ 184
Chapter 5
5.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 186
5.2 INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE AND CO-OPERATION: CURRENT TRENDS
AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS............................................................................... 188
5.2.1 International assistance and co-operation: Actors and structures ........... 190
5.2.2 Comparing modes of delivery: Bilateral, multilateral and regional cooperation mechanisms .................................................................................... 196
5.2.3 Human rights focus and the changing landscape of international assistance
and co-operation ............................................................................................. 199
5.2.4 Shifting dynamics of international assistance programmes ..................... 201
5.3 CHALLENGES IN MOBILISING RESOURCES THROUGH INTERNATIONAL
ASSISTANCE AND CO-OPERATION ................................................................ 203
5.3.1 Structural challenges .............................................................................. 203
5.3.1.1 Weakness in the design and architecture of aid and co-operation
regime .......................................................................................................... 204
5.3.1.2 Conditionality and tied aid ................................................................. 205
5.3.1.3 Institutional capacity in recipient States............................................. 206
5.3.2 Process challenges................................................................................. 207
5.3.2.1 Challenges of harmonising aid with macroeconomic policy ............... 207
5.3.2.2 Donor-recipient relationship and aid effectiveness ............................ 208
5.3.2.3 Absorption and fungibility of aid flow ................................................. 210
5.3.2.4 International aid flow, corruption and rent-seeking behaviour............ 211
5.3.3 Outcome challenges ............................................................................... 212
5.3.3.1 Aid dependency and sustainability .................................................... 212
5.3.3.2 Debt management and debt forgiving ............................................... 214