Chapter 3 | Page 97 This chapter presents a review of the concept of ‘maximum available resources’ in the human rights literature and develops a more inclusive and concrete model of the concept of resources that is in keeping with the practical implications of ESC rights policy on the ground. It draws on seminal works in the area, builds on and expands the concepts of resources, mobilisation and allocation decisions and their impact on ESC rights realisation and uses a cross-disciplinary model to incorporate these concepts into public policy and general human rights practice. This cross-disciplinary model for ‘maximum available resources’ draws its theoretical underpinnings from economics, public policy and public finance to provide better understanding of how States’ resource policies should be shaped to reflect their human rights obligation under the ICESCR. Particular attention is given to the role of appropriate State policies, including fiscal and monetary policies and engagement with the private and international sectors, to enhance the quality and quantity of resources potentially available for ESC rights. The argument presented here supports and builds upon the view espoused by some ESC rights scholars that non-financial resources, such as human resources, natural resources and technological resources, can form part of the resources matrix. The first section below discusses existing theoretical and conceptual interpretations of ‘maximum available resources’ and develops a new crossdisciplinary model. The following section explores arguments for maximising resource mobilisation, including financial and non-financial resources, and discusses the policy dimensions of resource mobilisation. The final sections deal with aspects of resource allocation and governance which form essential parts of the resource model presented in this chapter which, in turn, provides the basis for subsequent chapters.