Chapter 1 | Page 41 dignity,127 these rights ‘remain less well articulated conceptually than Civil and Political rights, less accurately measured, and less consistently implemented.’128 Delay in developing these key components of ESC rights clearly disadvantages their implementation and proper realisation. Ensuring that States take ESC rights more seriously in their policy priorities requires further advancement of core concepts and practices of the rights enshrined in the Covenant to reflect the changing landscape of global human rights. One of the key goals of human rights discourse is to secure each individual the ‘necessary conditions for leading a minimally good life’.129 Such a definition of human dignity focuses on the human condition of being rather than having.130 According to Martha Nussbaum, all human rights, which are essentially understood as ‘entitlements to capabilities’, have material and social preconditions and necessitate government involvement and action.131 Similarly, Mary O’Rawe argues that ‘human rights are part of the human condition, not mere favours granted by States’.132 Thus, these human rights can be seen as rights to particular capabilities that can be enjoyed by individuals and groups within any given society. Given the primary role of individuals and advocates to be empowered to create State accountability for the realisation of ESC rights, this thesis aims at making a significant contribution in terms of illuminating the State’s obligation to 127 Sital Kalantry, Joycelyn Getgen and Steven Arrigg Koh, 'Enhancing Enforcement of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Using Indicators: A Focus on the Right to Education in the ICESCR' (2010) 32 Human Rights Quarterly 253-310, 256. 128 Shareen Hertel and Lanse Minkler, 'Economic Rights: The Terrain' in Shareen Hertel and Lanse Minkler (eds), Economic Rights: Conceptual, Measurement, and Policy Issues (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007), 1; Henry J Steiner and Philip Alston, International Human Rights in Context: Law, Politics, Morals (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1996); Rolf Künnemann, 'A Coherent Approach to Human Rights' (1995) 17(2) Human Rights Quarterly 323-342. 129 Fagan, above n 112, 30. 130 Bas de Gaay Fortman, Political Economy of Human Rights: Rights, Realities and Realization (Routledge, London, 2011), 7. 131 Martha Nussbaum, 'Capabilities and human rights' (1997) 66(2) Fordham Law Review 273-300. 132 Mary O'Rawe, 'The United Nations: Structures versus Substance (Lessons from the principal treaties and covenants)' in Angela Hegarty and Siobhan Leonard (eds), Human Rights: An Agenda for the 21st Century (Cavendish Publlishing, London, 1999) 15-33, 21.