E/C.12/GC/20
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Language
21. Discrimination on the basis of language or regional accent is often closely linked to
unequal treatment on the basis of national or ethnic origin. Language barriers can hinder the
enjoyment of many Covenant rights, including the right to participate in cultural life as
guaranteed by article 15 of the Covenant. Therefore, information about public services and
goods, for example, should also be available, as far as possible, in languages spoken by
minorities, and States parties should ensure that any language requirements relating to
employment and education are based on reasonable and objective criteria.
Religion
22. This prohibited ground of discrimination covers the profession of religion or belief of
one’s choice (including the non-profession of any religion or belief), that may be publicly or
privately manifested in worship, observance, practice and teaching.12 For instance,
discrimination arises when persons belonging to a religious minority are denied equal access to
universities, employment, or health services on the basis of their religion.
Political or other opinion
23. Political and other opinions are often grounds for discriminatory treatment and include
both the holding and not-holding of opinions, as well as expression of views or membership
within opinion-based associations, trade unions or political parties. Access to food assistance
schemes, for example, must not be made conditional on an expression of allegiance to a
particular political party.
National or social origin
24. “National origin” refers to a person’s State, nation, or place of origin. Due to such personal
circumstances, individuals and groups of individuals may face systemic discrimination in both
the public and private sphere in the exercise of their Covenant rights. “Social origin” refers to a
person’s inherited social status, which is discussed more fully below in the context of “property”
status, descent-based discrimination under “birth” and “economic and social status”.13
Property
25. Property status, as a prohibited ground of discrimination, is a broad concept and includes
real property (e.g. land ownership or tenure) and personal property (e.g. intellectual property,
goods and chattels, and income), or the lack of it. The Committee has previously commented that
12
See also the General Assembly’s Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance
and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief, proclaimed by the General Assembly in its
resolution 36/55 of 25 November 1981.
13
See paras. 25, 26 and 35, of the present general comment.