10
BOSPHORUS HAVA YOLLARI TURİZM VE TİCARET ANONİM ŞİRKETİ
v. IRELAND JUDGMENT
reason to depart from what he considered to be the clear wording of
Article 8 of Regulation (EEC) no. 990/93.
46. As to the question of the respect shown in that regulation for
fundamental rights and proportionality, the Advocate General pointed out:
“It is well established that respect for fundamental rights forms part of the general
principles of Community law, and that in ensuring respect for such rights, the [ECJ]
takes account of the constitutional traditions of the Member States and of international
agreements, notably [the Convention], which has a special significance in that respect.
Article F(2) of the Treaty on European Union ... gives Treaty expression to the
[ECJ's] case-law. ... In relation to the EC Treaty, it confirms and consolidates the
[ECJ's] case-law underlining the paramount importance of respect for fundamental
rights.
Respect for fundamental rights is thus a condition of the lawfulness of Community
acts – in this case, the Regulation. Fundamental rights must also, of course, be
respected by Member States when they implement Community measures. All Member
States are in any event parties to the [Convention], even though it does not have the
status of domestic law in all of them. Although the Community itself is not a party to
the Convention, and cannot become a party without amendment both of the
Convention and of the Treaty, and although the Convention may not be formally
binding upon the Community, nevertheless for practical purposes the Convention can
be regarded as part of Community law and can be invoked as such both in the [ECJ]
and in national courts where Community law is in issue. That is so particularly where,
as in this case, it is the implementation of Community law by Member States which is
in issue. Community law cannot release Member States from their obligations under
the Convention.”
47. The Advocate General noted that the applicant company had relied
on the right to peaceful enjoyment of property, protected by the Convention,
and the right to pursue a commercial activity, recognised as a fundamental
right by the ECJ. Having considered Sporrong and Lönnroth v. Sweden
(judgment of 23 September 1982, Series A no. 52), he defined the essential
question as being whether the interference with the applicant company's
possession of the aircraft was a proportionate measure in the light of the
aims of general interest Regulation (EEC) no. 990/93 sought to achieve. He
had regard to the application of this test in AGOSI v. the United Kingdom
(judgment of 24 October 1986, Series A no. 108) and Air Canada v. the
United Kingdom (judgment of 5 May 1995, Series A no. 316-A) and to a
“similar approach” adopted by the ECJ in cases concerning the right to
property or the right to pursue a commercial activity (including Hauer v.
Land Rheinland-Pfalz, Case 44/79 [1979] European Court Reports (ECR)
3727, §§ 17-30).
48. While there had been a severe interference with the applicant
company's interest in the lease, it was difficult to identify a stronger type of
public interest than that of stopping a devastating civil war. While some
property loss was inevitable for any sanctions to be effective, if it were
demonstrated that the interference in question was wholly unreasonable in